Straw is an important biological resource in agriculture, and China is one of the most abundant countries for straw production in the world. This paper introduces the output and distribution of straw in China and discusses its utilization as the raw material in industry, livestock forage in animal husbandry, fertilizer and energy on farms and households in rural areas. This paper also indicates that great progress was made in integrated utilization based on a number of new technologies, marketing, and support from the Chinese government.