According to document analysis and field survey, various evaluating indices of crop straw resource were used to finish the research and evaluation on main crop straw in China. The results showed that the theoretical resource amount of the 5 main crop straws was 433 million tons in China, including 176 million tons for the energy utilization. The resource could be distributed as ‘two-high and two-low’ that per capita amount of the resource was ‘high in north and low in south’ and per planting area of the resource was ‘high in east and low in west’. According to the resource distributing characteristics in each region. The whole country was divided into main developing area (Northeast, Meng-Xin and North region), proper developing area (Southwest, middle-lower Yangtze River and South region) and limited developing area (Loess Plateau and Qinghai-Tibet region). Different developing measures should be used in each region.