Abstract: To assess the effects of different straw return modes on the content of soil organic carbon and the fraction of soil active carbon, we investigated 4 different straw return modes, non-straw return (CK), direct straw return (CS), straw return after mushroom cultivation (CMS), and straw return after livestock digestion (CGS) using field plot experiment. The results showed that different straw return modes all increased the content of soil organic carbon, but the increases in soil organic carbon content by different straw return modes did not exhibit significant difference (P>0.05). The increases in soil organic carbon content were found in the order of CGS > CMS > CS > CK. In comparison to CK mode, the contents of soil organic carbon with CS, CMS and CGS modes increased by 9.0%, 23.9% and 26.7%, respectively. In addition, different straw return modes all improved the content of soil active carbon. Under different straw return modes, the contents of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were in the order of CS > CMS > CGS > CK, and significant differences were observed among different return modes (P<0.01). Compared to CK mode, the contents of DOC in the treatments of CS, CMS and CGS increased by 64.6%, 29.4% and 8.9%, respectively. The contents of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) followed the order of CMS > CGS > CS > CK, and their differences were significant (P<0.05). The contents of MBC in the treatments of CS, CMS and CGS increased by 28.9%, 84.7%, and 59.3%, respectively, compared to the CK treatment. Similarly, the contents of soil easily oxidizable carbon (EOC) were in the order of CMS > CS > CGS > CK, and their differences were significant (P<0.01). Compared to CK mode, the contents of EOC in the treatments of CS, CMS and CGS increased by 24.1%, 55.7%and 9.3%, respectively. Straw return modes also significantly affected the fraction of soil active carbon in the soil total organic carbon (TOC) and changed the quality of soil organic carbon. Under different straw return modes, the ratios of DOC/TOC, MBC/TOC and EOC/TOC were in the orders of CS > CMS > CK > CGS, CMS > CGS > CS > CK and CMS > CS > CK > CGS, respectively. From the perspective of improving soil quality, CMS is the recommended mode, which has the greatest ratios of MBC/TOC and EOC/TOC, as well as a higher soil carbon effectiveness that facilitates the carbon utilization by the microorganisms, thus benefiting the growth of crops. On the other hand, from the perspective of soil carbon sequestration, CGS is the recommended mode, which has the lowest fraction of DOC/TOC and the highest content of soil organic carbon, thus facilitating the carbon sequestration. The results of the study can provide the basic data for the rational and efficient utilization of straw, as well as the improvement of the quality of agricultural soil carbon pool.