For constructing traceability system of grain quality safety with fast, comprehensive and precise characteristics, the operation flow and the application mode on grain quality traceability had been analyzed. The analysis of the system flow was carried out based on the RFID (radio frequency identification) middleware in the grain supply chain considering the grain circulation practice in Jiangsu Province. In the mean while, configuration of the hardware and software was studied. Based on the research results, the system architecture of grain quality traceability with RFID middleware technology was proposed by structured design method. Then, the system integration and test had been taken with VC++ language and AutoRunner testing tool. Practical dynamic tests with single tag achieved the system identify accuracy, identify working cycle (the cycle from reading the label to releasing information to the Internet) and MTBF (mean time between failure) with 95.3%, 8.6 s and 1 000 h, respectively. The system has the potential application for tracing grain quality and safety.