Abstract: The historical data analysis has showed that for the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (hereinafter referred as the Corps), its leading role of cotton production in the autonomous region and the nation is very clear. The reason is that the Corps cotton production mechanization has played a key role. Farming herd of the Corps are distributed in a typical arid region, and so agricultural harvest fertility should rely on not only the development of water-saving agriculture mechanization, but also the innovation of cotton production mechanization technology. First of all, mulch planting mechanization promotes the ascension of the Corps cotton production level for the first time, which has set the Corps cotton cultivation free from the traditional manual work into mechanical work. Cotton planting area and yield has greatly increased. On the basis of the mulch planting mechanization, the Corps integrated the drip irrigation under membrane, the precise seeding above membrane and the high density cultivation, and realized the second promotion of the Corps cotton production level. Two promotions, i.e. mulch planting mechanization and water-saving mechanization have realized high yield of cotton production in arid regions. Second, the cotton production mechanization technology innovation has basically achieved the Corps cotton planting mechanization in the whole process of the production. The water-saving agricultural mechanization development and the cotton production mechanization technology innovation, make the Corps cotton production develop towards the directions of large scale, mechanization, informatization, intelligentization and social service, and lead to the mechanization of cotton production in the full implementation. Also it fully shows that the improvement of agricultural equipment is a solid foundation for the development of modern agriculture, and especially in the arid region, the improvement of agricultural equipment level is more important for agricultural development. The Corps cotton production mechanization development is a good example to the agricultural mechanization development for not only China, but also the countries all over the world, especially in arid regions. But during the Corps cotton production mechanization development process, there are also some problems to be solved, such as residual membrane pollution to the environment and agricultural production, breeding new cotton varieties that adapt to mechanical harvesting and topping in cotton production mechanization. The solutions of these problems are badly in need of agricultural, biological, chemical, physical experts and management experts to overcome difficulty. Through the review of the history of the Corps cotton production mechanization development, on the basis of the summary of the Corps cotton production mechanization technology innovation, this paper combs some problems appearing in the process of cotton production mechanization, and then according to the development trend of agricultural machinery technology, puts forward some countermeasures for the Corps cotton production mechanization development in the future.