Abstract: In recent years, there are many methods to deal with the cattle manure in China. Those methods include the gathering of biogas with the fermentation technology, producing organic fertilizer with composting technology, and building ecosystems between livestock breeding and plant resources. Although these technologies have been industrialized, methane produced by these technology, needs to be transformed into electrical energy again in use. If organic matter could be transformed into electrical energy directly, the utilization efficiency of solid agricultural resources could be significantly improved, and then enormous economic and social benefits would be produced. Nowadays, the studies of microbial fuel cell (MFC) have gained the concern of many researchers for a long time. In order to reduce the pollution of agricultural solid waste and promote the development of agricultural modernization, an electricity production device with double chambers based on MFC was built and investigated to generate electricity from cow dung and wheat straw. Two ratios of carbon-nitrogen (C/N) (20 and 30) and 3 levels of solid content (1%, 5% and 10%) were selected respectively to study their impacts on the electricity generation efficiency. The variations of many factors were monitored during this process, including voltage, current, power density, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and pH value. The process of electricity production was finished when the voltage reduced to a very low level that was similar to the initial voltage. The results showed that when the solid content was 1%, the electricity generation performance was better than others. When the C/N was 20, the highest voltage, current and power density were 0.57 V, 1.12 mA and 464 mW/m2, respectively. When the C/N was 30, the highest voltage, current and power density were 0.80 V, 0.76 mA and 422 mW/m2, respectively. After the fermentation, VFA concentration and pH value changed obviously under different C/N and solid content. When the C/N was 20, and the solid content was 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively, compared with the initial value, the VFA concentration was increased by 270%, 255% and 313%, respectively, and the pH value was reduced by 0.45, 1.11 and 0.92, respectively; when the C/N was 30, and the solid content was 1%, 5% and 10%, respectively, compared with the initial value, the VFA concentration was increased by 281%, 243% and 395%, respectively, and the pH value was reduced by 0.88, 0.90 and 1.13, respectively. Additionally, the organic matter, total nutrient content and pH value in the solid-state remainder after fermentation met the standards for organic fertilizers of agricultural industry standard (NY525-2012). Therefore, the remainders in solid state after fermentation could be used as organic fertilizers or raw materials of organic fertilizers.