机械化整地方式对低洼水田土壤理化性质及水稻产量影响
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国家重点研发项目(2017YFD0300502-5)


Impact of different mechanical soil preparation methods on physical and chemical properties of soil in low-lying paddy fields and rice yield
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    摘要:

    低洼地是黑龙江省分布在三江平原地区的地势较低的一类耕地土壤,由于地势低、易受渍涝影响,土壤生产力低,作物产量低而不稳,提高这类土壤生产力对农业生产尤为重要。该文以低洼地典型的一类土壤沼泽土为供试土壤,采用大田对比试验的方法,开展旋耕、深松、深翻、深松鼠洞4种不同机械化整地方式对低洼水田理化性质改良效果的研究。结果表明:与常规旋耕比,深松、深翻机械整地可以使0~30 cm土层土壤含水率降低10.03%~27.23%,土壤透水性提高,土壤容重增加0.05~0.18 g/cm3、增幅为6.60%~16.98%,差异显著,深松、深翻使土壤硬度提高,总孔隙降低幅度3.16%~11.92%,滞水现象得到改善,深松鼠洞机械整地效果与旋耕比差异不明显;在排水晒田后,土壤温度明显上升,平均每天增加1~2℃,深松效果好于深翻,土壤氮素供应强度增加;深松整地水稻产量连年增加,第1年增产4.21%,第2年增产10.46%,达到显著水平,深翻对水稻产量无影响,第2年有增加趋势,差异不显著,深松鼠洞整地第1年和第2年水稻产量与旋耕比无差异显著,在深松鼠洞改土技术及机械研发上要进行新的改进与探讨。

    Abstract:

    Located in the east of Heilongjiang Province, the Sanjiang Plain is an alluvial low plain formed by the confluence of Heilongjiang River, Songhuajiang River and Wusulijiang River, and covers a total area of 108 900km2, with 3 667 700 hm2 of cultivated area, in which the low-lying wet cultivated land accounts for 63.7%. The low-lying wet cultivated land generally features heavy soil and frequent waterlogging disaster, resulting in dramatic production reduction. In the harvest season, the soil is too wet to cause machinery operation unavailable, resulting in generally "high yield not bumper harvest". Which due to the following three reasons. First, the drying and wetting alternation process of soil after the water falls is slow and it is difficult to form a plough pan due to heavy clay soil, poor drainage property of soil body, and imperfect drainage channel system. The entire soil body is soft and sticky and has a low mechanical bearing capacity, which is bad for field drying and meanwhile impacts the mechanical harvest, and other operations, causing rice mildewed and snow-clad in the field, and other secondary disasters; second, the soil is in the reducing condition for a long term, so it easily generates hydrogen sulfide, and other poisoning substances to harm the rice root system; third, such kind of soil organic matters are generally 50g/kg above, so at the early stage, the soil is cold and stiffen, and the seedlings don't spring up. While at the middle and late growth stage, lodging is always caused to reduce production due to excessive soil nitrogen supply along with the decomposition of soil organic matters. It is extremely urgent to improve the issue of stagnant water in the low-lying wet soil. We took the boggy soil in the Sanjiang Plain as the test soil, and conducted field comparison experiment including the rotary tillage, deep scaification, deep plowing, mouse hole four treatments in 2017 and 2018, and studied the improvement effect of different mechanical soil preparation methods on physical and chemical properties and rice yield of the low-lying paddy field. The results show that the mechanical soil preparation methods of deep scarification and deep plowing can achieve the following: the soil water cut in 0-30 cm soil layer reduces by 10.03%-27.23%, the soil drainage property improves, the soil volume weight increase by 0.05-0.18 g/cm3, increasing degree is 6.60%-16.98%, the hardness rises, and the total pore space decrease by 3.16%-11.92%. While the mouse-hole effect is not obvious; after water drainage and field drying, the soil temperature rises significantly on an average of 1-2 ℃ every day. The effect of deep scarification is better than that of deep plowing, and the nitrogen supply intensity increases; the rice production by deep scarification increases year on year, achieving a significant level, namely, increasing by 4.21% in the 1st year and 10.46% in the 2nd year. While deep plowing generates no impact on the rice production, the rice production shows an increase trend in the 2nd year but the effect is not obvious. As for the mouse-hole, the rice production and contrast ratio in the 1st year and the 2nd year show no significant difference. So the new improvement and discussion is required on the mouse-hole soil improvement technology and machinery research & development.

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王秋菊,焦峰,韩东来,隋玉刚,杨兴玉,王雪冬,丁德会,郝明俊,刘峰.机械化整地方式对低洼水田土壤理化性质及水稻产量影响[J].农业工程学报,2019,35(18):70-77. DOI:10.11975/j. issn.1002-6819.2019.18.009

Wang Qiuju, Jiao Feng, Han Donglai, Sui Yugang, Yang Xingyu, Wang Xuedong, Ding Dehui, Hao Mingjun, Liu Feng. Impact of different mechanical soil preparation methods on physical and chemical properties of soil in low-lying paddy fields and rice yield[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE),2019,35(18):70-77. DOI:10.11975/j. issn.1002-6819.2019.18.009

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  • 收稿日期:2019-02-13
  • 最后修改日期:2019-07-08
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  • 在线发布日期: 2019-10-12
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